MelvilleHouse

The small change that would make greatest difference is to swap car journeys for walking or cycling. I don’t know where you’re based but, in the UK, 40% of car journeys are less than 2 miles (~3 km). If we can swap these journeys for walking and cycling we can get help air pollution, reduce climate change emissions, decrease the urban noise that plagues so many and help with the chronic diseases of inactivity such as obesity and heart disease.

One of the places with the greatest exposure is when you’re travelling in your car. We all think of our cars as a safe environment but you’re normally following the exhaust of the vehicle in front. Here at King’s College London my colleagues are measuring the pollution exposure of people that have to drive as part of their work, taxi drivers, delivery, drivers etc. This raises some interesting questions since these people are at work and therefore subject to duty of care from their employers.

Another place that is attracting new research attention is subways / the underground. The particle pollution there can be very high. It is also very different to the outside world, it contains lots of metal particles from track wear and also carbon particles too.

Hi - I won’t point the finger at any specific industry but at all those that burn coal without abatement systems. Time and time again this has caused massive environmental and health impacts. The acid rain and forest die back problems of Scandinavia in the 1970s and 1980s and the “crazy bad “ smog’s of Chinese cities are two examples. Visit these places now and you will see changes that have come from proper chimney controls and swapping to other fuels such as natural gas. The only way to sort these problems is robust regulations and enforcement – it works.

Agriculture is one of the most overlooked among our pollution sources, is agriculture and, more broadly, the way in which we manage land. Many of us escape into the countryside as a respite from the city and we think of it as a low-pollution environment, but farming is an important source of our particle air pollution. The burst

of ammonia released from the fertilising of crops, the spreading of manure stored overwinter and moving animals to outdoor summer grazing all play an important role in the particle pollution each springtime. This is becoming an increasingly important problem across the developing world too – and especially in east Asia, where pollution from new, badly controlled industry mixes with ammonia from agriculture and increased meat production. In the US, the control of ammonia from farming would now be the most cost-effective way to reduce regional particle pollution. A decrease of 50 per cent in ammonia pollution from farming could reduce the annual global mortality from particle pollution by around 250,000 people including around 16,000 in North America, 52,000 in Europe and 105,000 in east Asia. We cannot stop farming. We need food to eat, but simple measures such as covering slurry stores, installing better housing for animals and injecting fertiliser into soils rather than spraying it in the open air would go a long way to achieving these targets. The role of agriculture in our air pollution is clear, but it is badly understood by farmers. It is also badly understood by governments who have spent decades developing control measures for transport and industrial air pollution.

It would be fantastic to have had photographs of air pollution in medieval times. We only have descriptions from the time. The diarist John Evelyn wrote in the 1660’s about London’s air with some great quotes. Rendered into modern English …The smoke was..” so thick that the rooms, galleries and palaces were completely filled with it and people could hardly see each other for the cloud. Indeed, they struggled to even stand up….This ruinous smoke that sullies the city’s glory, imposing a sooty crust or fur on all the city lights, spoiling man’s property, tarnishing the plate, gildings and furniture, and corroding even iron bars and the hardest stones because of the caustic elements that accompany the sulphur.”

A great way to see what air pollution was like is through Monnet’s paintings. Around 1900 Monnet came to London for what he termed the light but was really the interplay of air pollution and sunlight. Have a look at his houses of Parliament paintings of amazing red sunsets and his views of Waterloo Bridge.

https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/arts/monet-and-architecture-at-the-national-gallery-7-stunning-paintings-you-have-to-see-a3806801.html

https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/03/monet-painted-london-not-brick-by-brick-but-light-by-shade/

Interesting I’m sitting in the place painted in the picture right now. London’s South Bank is a very different place today.