HannahLeese

Thanks for your question, there is active research in utilising microneedles in the tattoo industry, related to both medical and cosmetic tattooing. Microneedles have the potential to reduce pain and bleeding - depending on the microneedle size and shape and material they are made of.

Thank you for the question, there are many factors that determines whether devices/equipment meet medical grade, including material type, regulatory approval (e.g. FDA/EMA) - following ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards for medical diagnostics, biocompatibility, sterilisation practices etc. For the 3D printer, there are several aspects that would need to be put in place, for example aside from ensuring reproducibility of spec in each print, we are also currently developing ways to track defects in printing for 'quality assurance'.

Thank you :) the microneedles have a lot of variety, in shape, size and type, but generally they should be less than 1 mm in height, so not to interact with pain receptors beneath the skin, in general in our lab we make microneedles with heights between 500 micrometers to 1000 micrometres, with a tip between 20-50 micrometers. The shape also varies, but often they are cone and pyramid shapes, the microneedles can also be solid or hollow, and are often made of polymers or inert metals. In our lab we focus on polymer-based microneedles.

Hello :) thank you so much for your question, for the microneedle devices we currently print, they are made on a lab-bench 3D printer and cost <£1 to print. But at the moment they are not medical grade. The cost will also depend on the type of printer and the materials we use to print. But in the future we do see potential to be able to print medical devices tailored to patient needs, if not at home directly, possibly at pharmacies, community centres or hospitals.

Thank you :) Xiang and I are having a philosophical discussion from your question, we are discussing about discoveries and coincidences, when we come across unexpected results and we try to work out what is going on, and repeat what we have found :)